Ferns belong to Pteridophytes and grow on high altitudes in moist cold places. These don’t need any fertile soil. Since Ranchi or the most part of Jharkhand is located on high land its climate is rather different and somewhat similar to those area of mountains. The author reports here the two fern species that preferably grow in this region that too on old walls.
Though there are two basic types of leaves of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, we observe immense diversities in their arrangements, sizes, and shapes.
Some leaves are very short, as short as they cannot be seen through naked eyes where as there are big broad leaves that can form many umbrellas for small children.
The Environmental Calamities that shook the humanity during fifties and sixties were powerful enough to generate serious and widespread sense of responsibility among world nations towards the global environment. Some of these calamities include : The killer smog in New York and London which claimed 5000 lives in 1952; The mercury poisoning due to the consumption of mercury-contaminated seafood in Japan;
Animals are of different types and varieties. The world of animals is most amazing
practices of modernization have disturbed the quality of environment.
The condition produced due to ‘substances put into air by the activity of mankind into concentration sufficient to cause harmful effects to his health, vegetables, property or to interfere with the enjoyment of his property’ is called as air pollution or the atmospheric pollution
Mixing of different types of substances in soil- which affects its natural qualities, and reduces its fertility- is called as soil pollution. Some environmentalists define soil pollution as – build-up of toxic chemical compounds, salts, pathogens or radioactive materials in soil that can affect plant and animal life adversely, is called as soil pollution.
The gap between the rich and the poor has increased due to population growth. The rich people are exploiting more resources than poor people. Malnutrition is one of the most common effects of these problems. The poorest people in developing countries do not get adequate calories to develop their health properly.
Waste too is found in three states- solids, liquids and gases. Liquid wastes such as different types of chemicals, useless medicines, detergents, pesticides, oil, automobile wastes etc. spread on the soil surface and make it poisoned. Decomposition and burning of things on ground produce different gases that pollute the air.
Abrupt changes in environment often do not give time to an organism to get ready and to face the challenges. As such the organism can survive only when it has sufficient abilities to tolerate these changes.
The biosphere has been composed of a number of highly complex ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, oceans, estuaries, deserts etc. These ecosystems have gone under threat over the years due to intensive human pressure of serious pollutions, habitats destructions, land, water bodies, wetlands and coastal zones reclamations and so on.
The South West Monsoon is ready to go in a delayed manner. It is returning late continuously since last three years.
